Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in South American camelids in Switzerland and assessment of serological tests for diagnosis.

Little is known about the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and llamas (Lama glama) outside South America. The study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum infections in South American camelids (SAC) in Switzerland, to optimize serological tests for SAC and to identify risk factors, which may favour infection.

METHODS

A total of 571 sera from 132 Swiss farms (374 alpacas and 197 llamas, mean 4.3 animals/farm) were obtained. Four commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for detecting antibodies against T. gondii (ID Screen® Toxoplasmosis Indirect (TOXO-MS)) or N. caninum (i.e. ID Screen® Neospora caninum Indirect Multi-species (NCS-MS); ID Screen® Neospora caninum Competition (NCC) and ID Screen® Neospora caninum Indirect (NCS)) were first assessed for their use on SAC comparing their results with those in immunoblot, and optimizing cut-offs. Subsequently, two kits (TOXO-MS and NCS-MS) were selected for seroprevalence estimation. Additionally, a risk factor analysis for infection was performed on 41 farms, which agreed to participate in a web-based survey.

NLg919

20-abx182602
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  • 1 g
  • 250 mg
  • 5 g

NLG919

A4373-10 10 mg
EUR 84
Description: Potent IDO pathway inhibitor

NLG919

A4373-5.1 10 mM (in 1mL DMSO)
EUR 92
Description: Potent IDO pathway inhibitor

NLG919

A4373-50 50 mg
EUR 304
Description: Potent IDO pathway inhibitor

NLG919

N630000 50mg
EUR 626
Description: 1402836-58-1

NLG919-d10

N630002 10mg
EUR 224

NLG919 (GDC-0919)

206165 10.0mg
EUR 150

Indoximod (NLG-8189)

B4900-200 200 mg
EUR 46
Description: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) pathway inhibitor

Indoximod (NLG-8189)

B4900-50 50 mg
EUR 28
Description: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) pathway inhibitor

NLG802

T39476-10mg 10mg Ask for price
Description: NLG802

NLG802

T39476-1g 1g Ask for price
Description: NLG802

NLG802

T39476-1mg 1mg Ask for price
Description: NLG802

NLG802

T39476-50mg 50mg Ask for price
Description: NLG802

NLG802

T39476-5mg 5mg Ask for price
Description: NLG802

Nlg4 Antibody

SAB376 100ul
EUR 319

Nlg2 Antibody

SAB382 100ul
EUR 319

Nlg2 Antibody

SAB383 100ul
EUR 319

Nlg2 Antibody

SAB384 100ul
EUR 319

Nlg2 Antibody

SAB409 100ul
EUR 319

Nlg2 Antibody

SAB410 100ul
EUR 319

Nlg2 Antibody

SAB411 100ul
EUR 319

Rabbit Anti-Human Filtrin/NLG1 IgG #1, aff pure

NLG11-A 100 ug
EUR 578.4

Nlgn2/ Rat Nlgn2 ELISA Kit

ELI-46170r 96 Tests
EUR 1063.2

Nlgn1/ Rat Nlgn1 ELISA Kit

ELI-20702r 96 Tests
EUR 1063.2

Human Filtrin/NLG1 Control/blocking peptide #1

NLG11-P 100 ug
EUR 196.8

Recombinant Caenorhabditis Elegans nlg-1 Protein (aa 18-798)

VAng-Ly3572-inquire inquire Ask for price
Description: Caenorhabditis Elegans neuroligin-1 (nlg-1), partial, recombination protein.

Nlgn1 (untagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 1 (Nlgn1), (10 ug)

RN200719 10 µg Ask for price

Nlgn2 (untagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 2 (Nlgn2), (10 ug)

RN210792 10 µg Ask for price

Nlgn3 (untagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 3 (Nlgn3), (10 ug)

RN213549 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN1 (untagged)-Human neuroligin 1 (NLGN1)

SC127261 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN1 (untagged)-Human neuroligin 1 (NLGN1)

SC324313 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN2 (untagged)-Human neuroligin 2 (NLGN2)

SC314795 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN2 (GFP-tagged) - Human neuroligin 2 (NLGN2)

RG222544 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN1 (GFP-tagged) - Human neuroligin 1 (NLGN1)

RG207524 10 µg Ask for price

Nlgn2 (untagged) - Mouse neuroligin 2 (Nlgn2), (10ug)

MC221962 10 µg Ask for price

Nlgn3 (untagged) - Mouse neuroligin 3 (Nlgn3), (10ug)

MC221904 10 µg Ask for price

Nlgn3 (GFP-tagged) - Mouse neuroligin 3 (Nlgn3), (10ug)

MG222086 10 µg Ask for price

Nlgn2 (GFP-tagged) - Mouse neuroligin 2 (Nlgn2), (10ug)

MG222168 10 µg Ask for price

Nlgn1 (Myc-DDK-tagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 1 (Nlgn1), (10 ug)

RR200719 10 µg Ask for price

Nlgn2 (Myc-DDK-tagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 2 (Nlgn2), (10 ug)

RR210792 10 µg Ask for price

Nlgn3 (Myc-DDK-tagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 3 (Nlgn3), (10 ug)

RR213549 10 µg Ask for price

Nlgn3 (Myc-DDK-tagged) - Mouse neuroligin 3 (Nlgn3)

MR222086 10 µg Ask for price

Nlgn2 (Myc-DDK-tagged) - Mouse neuroligin 2 (Nlgn2)

MR222168 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN1 (Myc-DDK-tagged)-Human neuroligin 1 (NLGN1)

RC207524 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN2 (Myc-DDK-tagged)-Human neuroligin 2 (NLGN2)

RC222544 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti ORF clone of Nlgn1 (mGFP-tagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 1 (Nlgn1), (10 ug)

RR200719L4 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti ORF clone of Nlgn2 (mGFP-tagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 2 (Nlgn2), (10 ug)

RR210792L4 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti ORF clone of Nlgn3 (mGFP-tagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 3 (Nlgn3), (10 ug)

RR213549L4 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN3

CSB-CL873703HU 10 μg plasmid + 200μl Glycerol Ask for price

NLGN1

CSB-CL839786HU 10 μg plasmid + 200μl Glycerol Ask for price

Lenti ORF clone of Nlgn3 (mGFP-tagged) - Mouse neuroligin 3 (Nlgn3)

MR222086L4 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti ORF clone of Nlgn2 (mGFP-tagged) - Mouse neuroligin 2 (Nlgn2)

MR222168L4 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti ORF clone of Nlgn1 (Myc-DDK-tagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 1 (Nlgn1), (10 ug)

RR200719L3 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti ORF clone of Nlgn2 (Myc-DDK-tagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 2 (Nlgn2), (10 ug)

RR210792L3 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti ORF clone of Nlgn3 (Myc-DDK-tagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 3 (Nlgn3), (10 ug)

RR213549L3 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN4Y

CSB-CL818786HU1 10 μg plasmid + 200μl Glycerol Ask for price

NLGN4Y

CSB-CL818786HU2 10 μg plasmid + 200μl Glycerol Ask for price

NLGN4X

CSB-CL843131HU 10 μg plasmid + 200μl Glycerol Ask for price

Lenti ORF clone of Nlgn3 (Myc-DDK-tagged) - Mouse neuroligin 3 (Nlgn3)

MR222086L3 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti ORF clone of Nlgn2 (Myc-DDK-tagged) - Mouse neuroligin 2 (Nlgn2)

MR222168L3 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti-ORF clone of NLGN2 (mGFP-tagged)-Human neuroligin 2 (NLGN2)

RC222544L2 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti-ORF clone of NLGN2 (mGFP-tagged)-Human neuroligin 2 (NLGN2)

RC222544L4 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti-ORF clone of NLGN2 (Myc-DDK-tagged)-Human neuroligin 2 (NLGN2)

RC222544L1 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti-ORF clone of NLGN2 (Myc-DDK-tagged)-Human neuroligin 2 (NLGN2)

RC222544L3 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, Nlgn1 (GFP-tagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 1 (Nlgn1), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

RR200719L4V 200 µl Ask for price

NLGN3 (untagged)-Human neuroligin 3 (NLGN3), transcript variant 2

SC113280 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, Nlgn2 (GFP-tagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 2 (Nlgn2), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

RR210792L4V 200 µl Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, Nlgn3 (GFP-tagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 3 (Nlgn3), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

RR213549L4V 200 µl Ask for price

NLGN3 (untagged)-Human neuroligin 3 (NLGN3) transcript variant 3

SC329144 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN3 (untagged)-Human neuroligin 3 (NLGN3) transcript variant 1

SC329177 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, Nlgn3 (GFP-tagged) - Mouse neuroligin 3 (Nlgn3), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

MR222086L4V 200 µl Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, Nlgn2 (GFP-tagged) - Mouse neuroligin 2 (Nlgn2), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

MR222168L4V 200 µl Ask for price

NLGN3 (GFP-tagged) - Human neuroligin 3 (NLGN3), transcript variant 3

RG230506 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN3 (GFP-tagged) - Human neuroligin 3 (NLGN3), transcript variant 1

RG230539 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN3 (GFP-tagged) - Human neuroligin 3 (NLGN3), transcript variant 2

RG207955 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN1 siRNA

20-abx925994
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  • 15 nmol
  • 30 nmol

NLGN1 siRNA

20-abx925995
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  • 15 nmol
  • 30 nmol

NLGN2 siRNA

20-abx925996
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  • 15 nmol
  • 30 nmol

NLGN2 siRNA

20-abx925997
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  • 15 nmol
  • 30 nmol

NLGN3 siRNA

20-abx925998
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  • 15 nmol
  • 30 nmol

NLGN3 siRNA

20-abx925999
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  • 15 nmol
  • 30 nmol

NLGN1 siRNA

20-abx903571
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  • 15 nmol
  • 30 nmol

NLGN2 siRNA

20-abx903572
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  • 15 nmol
  • 30 nmol

NLGN3 siRNA

20-abx903573
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  • 15 nmol
  • 30 nmol

Nlgn1 (untagged) - Mouse neuroligin 1 (Nlgn1), transcript variant 1, (10ug)

MC222019 10 µg Ask for price

Nlgn1 (untagged) - Mouse neuroligin 1 (Nlgn1), transcript variant 2, (10ug)

MC221824 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, NLGN1 (Myc-DDK tagged) - Human neuroligin 1 (NLGN1), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

RC207524L1V 200 µl Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, NLGN1 (mGFP-tagged) - Human neuroligin 1 (NLGN1), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

RC207524L2V 200 µl Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, NLGN1 (Myc-DDK tagged) - Human neuroligin 1 (NLGN1), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

RC207524L3V 200 µl Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, NLGN1 (mGFP-tagged) - Human neuroligin 1 (NLGN1), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

RC207524L4V 200 µl Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, NLGN2 (mGFP-tagged)-Human neuroligin 2 (NLGN2), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

RC222544L2V 200 µl Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, NLGN2 (mGFP-tagged)-Human neuroligin 2 (NLGN2), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

RC222544L4V 200 µl Ask for price

Nlgn1 (GFP-tagged) - Mouse neuroligin 1 (Nlgn1) transcript variant 1, (10ug)

MG226624 10 µg Ask for price

Nlgn1 (GFP-tagged) - Mouse neuroligin 1 (Nlgn1) transcript variant 2, (10ug)

MG226628 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, Nlgn1 (Myc-DDK-tagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 1 (Nlgn1), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

RR200719L3V 200 µl Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, Nlgn2 (Myc-DDK-tagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 2 (Nlgn2), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

RR210792L3V 200 µl Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, Nlgn3 (Myc-DDK-tagged ORF) - Rat neuroligin 3 (Nlgn3), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

RR213549L3V 200 µl Ask for price

NLGN4X siRNA

20-abx926000
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  • 15 nmol
  • 30 nmol

NLGN4Y siRNA

20-abx926001
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  • 15 nmol
  • 30 nmol

Nlgn1 (Myc-DDK-tagged) - Mouse neuroligin 1 (Nlgn1), transcript variant 1

MR226624 10 µg Ask for price

Nlgn1 (Myc-DDK-tagged) - Mouse neuroligin 1 (Nlgn1), transcript variant 2

MR226628 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, Nlgn3 (Myc-DDK-tagged) - Mouse neuroligin 3 (Nlgn3), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

MR222086L3V 200 µl Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, Nlgn2 (Myc-DDK-tagged) - Mouse neuroligin 2 (Nlgn2), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

MR222168L3V 200 µl Ask for price

NLGN3 (Myc-DDK-tagged)-Human neuroligin 3 (NLGN3), transcript variant 2

RC207955 10 µg Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, NLGN2 (Myc-DDK-tagged)-Human neuroligin 2 (NLGN2), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

RC222544L1V 200 µl Ask for price

Lenti ORF particles, NLGN2 (Myc-DDK-tagged)-Human neuroligin 2 (NLGN2), 200ul, >10^7 TU/mL

RC222544L3V 200 µl Ask for price

NLGN3 (Myc-DDK-tagged)-Human neuroligin 3 (NLGN3), transcript variant 3

RC230506 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN3 (Myc-DDK-tagged)-Human neuroligin 3 (NLGN3), transcript variant 1

RC230539 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN3 Rabbit pAb

A10310-100ul 100 ul
EUR 369.6

NLGN3 Rabbit pAb

A10310-200ul 200 ul
EUR 550.8

NLGN3 Rabbit pAb

A10310-20ul 20 ul
EUR 219.6

NLGN3 Rabbit pAb

A10310-50ul 50 ul
EUR 267.6

NLGN1 Rabbit pAb

E2516105 100ul
EUR 225
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

NLGNX rabbit pAb

E28PN3554 100μl
EUR 255
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

NLGN1 Rabbit pAb

A16105-100ul 100 ul
EUR 369.6

NLGN1 Rabbit pAb

A16105-200ul 200 ul
EUR 550.8

NLGN1 Rabbit pAb

A16105-20ul 20 ul
EUR 219.6

NLGN1 Rabbit pAb

A16105-50ul 50 ul
EUR 267.6

NLGN2 Rabbit pAb

A14289-100ul 100 ul
EUR 369.6

NLGN2 Rabbit pAb

A14289-200ul 200 ul
EUR 550.8

NLGN2 Rabbit pAb

A14289-20ul 20 ul
EUR 219.6

NLGN2 Rabbit pAb

A14289-50ul 50 ul
EUR 267.6

NLGN2 Rabbit pAb

A14418-100ul 100 ul
EUR 369.6

NLGN2 Rabbit pAb

A14418-200ul 200 ul
EUR 550.8

NLGN2 Rabbit pAb

A14418-20ul 20 ul
EUR 219.6

NLGN2 Rabbit pAb

A14418-50ul 50 ul
EUR 267.6

NLGN2 Peptide

7969P 0.05 mg
EUR 197.7
Description: (NT) NLGN2 Peptide

NLGN4X (untagged)-Human neuroligin 4, X-linked (NLGN4X), transcript variant 2

SC124784 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN4X (untagged)-Human neuroligin 4, X-linked (NLGN4X), transcript variant 1

SC127514 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN4Y (untagged)-Human neuroligin 4, Y-linked (NLGN4Y), transcript variant 1

SC310097 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN4X (untagged) - Human neuroligin 4, X-linked (NLGN4X), transcript variant 3

SC337515 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN4X (untagged) - Human neuroligin 4, X-linked (NLGN4X), transcript variant 4

SC337516 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN4X (untagged)-Human neuroligin 4, X-linked (NLGN4X), transcript variant 2

SC320970 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN4Y (untagged)-Human neuroligin 4 Y-linked (NLGN4Y) transcript variant 2

SC326827 10 µg Ask for price

NLGN4X Rabbit pAb

A7986-100ul 100 ul
EUR 369.6

NLGN4X Rabbit pAb

A7986-200ul 200 ul
EUR 550.8

NLGN4X Rabbit pAb

A7986-20ul 20 ul
EUR 219.6

NLGN4X Rabbit pAb

A7986-50ul 50 ul
EUR 267.6

NLGN1 Antibody

36650 100ul
EUR 319

NLGN1 Antibody

36650-100ul 100ul
EUR 302.4

NLGN3 Antibody

46087-100ul 100ul
EUR 302.4

NLGN3 Antibody

46087-50ul 50ul
EUR 224.4

NLGN1 Antibody

46627 100ul
EUR 319

NLGN1 Antibody

46627-100ul 100ul
EUR 302.4

NLGN4X Peptide

43-069P 0.1 mg
EUR 405.6
Description: NLGN4X Peptide

NLGN2 Antibody

39957-100ul 100ul
EUR 468

NLGN1 Antibody

1-CSB-PA928711
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  • Ask for price
  • 100ul
  • 50ul
Description: A polyclonal antibody against NLGN1. Recognizes NLGN1 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;ELISA:1:2000-1:5000, IHC:1:50-1:200

NLGN1 Antibody

E036650 100μg/100μl
EUR 255
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

NLGN1 Antibody

E046627 100μg/100μl
EUR 255
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

NLGN1 Antibody

1-CSB-PA839786LA01HU
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  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against NLGN1. Recognizes NLGN1 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC, IF; Recommended dilution: IHC:1:20-1:200, IF:1:50-1:200

NLGN3 Antibody

1-CSB-PA873703LA01HU
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  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against NLGN3. Recognizes NLGN3 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IF; Recommended dilution: IF:1:200-1:500

NLGN1 Antibody

DF9690 200ul
EUR 420

NLGN1 Antibody

DF9690-100ul 100ul
EUR 280

NLGN1 Antibody

DF9690-200ul 200ul
EUR 350

NLGN2 Antibody

DF9691 200ul
EUR 420

Three kits (TOXO-MS, NCS-MS and NCC) showed almost perfect agreement (kappa > 0.901) with immunoblot results when the cut-offs were optimized, and one kit (NCS) proved not to be useful for detecting N. caninum seropositive SAC. By TOXO-MS ELISA, 82.3% (308/374) of the alpacas and 84.8% (167/197) of the llamas were seropositive for T. gondii, and 131/132 (99.2%) farms had seropositive animals. By NCS-MS ELISA, 3.5% (13/374) of the alpacas and 2.5% (5/197) of the llamas evidenced antibodies against N. caninum, and 9.1% (12/132) of the farms had seropositive animals.

The variables “age” and “female sex” were identified as risk factors for T. gondii infection and “absence of cats in the farm during the last two years” as a protective factor. No risk or protective factors for N. caninum infection could be identified.This nationwide cross-sectional study demonstrated for the first time the presence of antibodies against T. gondii and N. caninum in the Swiss SAC population, highlighting a high seroprevalence for T. gondii, the presence of cats as a risk factor and suggesting that SAC meat might represent an additional infection source for humans.